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Ruler of Hydaspes

Porus
Porus alexander coin.png

King Porus (on elephant) fighting Alexander the Corking, on a "victory coin" of Alexander (minted c. 324–322 BC)[ane]

Reign before 326 – c. 317 BC
Born Purushottam
Punjab, India
Died c.  321 – c. 315 BC
Punjab, India

Porus or Poros (Greek: Πῶρος ; fl. 326–321 BC) was an aboriginal Indian rex, whose territory spanned the region between the Hydaspes (Jhelum River) and Acesines (Chenab River), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. He is only mentioned in Greek sources.

Credited to have been a legendary warrior with exceptional skills, Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Bang-up in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC).[2] In the aftermath, an impressed Alexander not only reinstated him as his satrap but likewise granted him dominion over lands to the due south-east extending until the Hyphasis (Beas).[three] [iv] Porus reportedly died onetime between 321 and 315 BC.[5]

Sources

The only contemporary information bachelor on Porus and his kingdom is from Greek sources, whereas Indian sources do not mention him.[6] These Greek sources differ considerably amidst themselves.[7]

Identification

Purus

Michael Witzel conjectures Porus to take been a king of the Pūrus, who existed as a marginal power in Punjab since their defeat in the Boxing of the Ten Kings notwithstanding (probable) political realignment with the Bharatas.[8] [9] [10] Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri had largely agreed with this identification.[7]

Sourasenis

Multiple histories — Indica past Arrian, Geographica past Strabo, and Bibliotheca historica by Diodorus Siculus — mention Megasthenes[a] to accept described an Indian tribe chosen Sourasenoi: they worshiped ane "Herakles" and originated from a land having the city of Mathura and the river of Yamuna.[11] [12] The Greeks oftentimes chronicled foreign gods in terms of their own divinities; thus multiple scholars have understood "Herakles" to mean "Hari-Krishna".[11] [12] That Quintus Curtius Rufus mentions Porus' vanguard soldiers to have carried a banner of "Heracles" during the face up-off with Alexander,[xi] Ishwari Prasad argues Porus to be a Shurasena.[13] [b]

Withal, the identification with "Hari-Krishna" is non well-settled; there is no bear witness of Shri Krishna as early equally quaternary century BC.[12] Mod scholars increasingly equate "Herakles" to Indra but even this identification is not widely accepted.[12]

Miscellaneous

H. C. Seth had identified Porus with Parvataka, a king mentioned in the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa, the Jain text Parishishtaparvan, and some other sources including royal genealogies of Nepal.[7] However, there is little testify in support: Parishishtaparvan assigns him the territory of Himavatkuta while Greek sources take Porus dominion in the nowadays-24-hour interval Punjab region, and Mudrarakshasa attributes his death to poisoning planned by Chanakya while Greek sources state that Porus was killed past Eudemus.

Rule

Background

Porus was built-in in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent .

Porus used to rule over the tracts between rivers Hydaspes (Jhelum) and Acesines (Chenab); Strabo had held the territory to contain near 300 cities.[15] He (alongside i Abisares) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family unit; Porus is noted to have had assassinated Ambhiraj, his maternal uncle and the old ruler of Taxila.[fifteen]

When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, prob. in Udabhandapura, he was greeted past the-and then ruler of Taxila, Omphis/Ambhi, son of Ambhiraj.[15] Omphis had sent emissaries to Alexander long-back and was considered a friendly — in return, his dominion was confirmed just under a Macedonian satrap and gifts were lavished.[xv] Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted.[fifteen] Only while Abisares offered a token submission, Porus refused.[15]

This led Alexander to seek for a face-off with Porus.[15] Despite being attracted to the exoticism of Taxila and Brahminic practices, he had to migrate for the bank of Jhelum, on the other bank of which, Porus had set up his main line of defense force.[15] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown.[xv]

Battle of the Hydaspes

Alexander dismantled and reused the same vessels which were used for crossing the Sind, some 300 km abroad.[15] Minor calibration intrusion-attempts were frequently mounted and fifty-fifty before the battle had started, there were skirmishes in river-islands with Porus' ground forces who maintained guard.[xv] The verbal force of the armies might be never known, due to major discrepancies in sources.[15]

After some days, Alexander decided on crossing via the headlands which were forested and provided comprehend for transit; the base of operations camp with cavalry and infantry was left nether Craterus and Alexander accompanied the hitting force.[15] They were tasked with this crossing whilst mercenaries were distributed along the length of the river under iii phalanx officers to distract Porus's forces.[fifteen] The strategy was successful and they crossed almost unobstructed, in a stormy night.[15] After reaching the bank, Alexander's cavalry unit routed a band of advancing horsemen led by Porus' son (and even captured chariots) in what marked the start of the battle.[xv]

Thereafter, Porus became primarily concerned with tackling Alexander'due south forces who have already crossed, rather than forestall passage of the remaining.[xv] Porus chose a sandy plain to take a defensive position — infantry units interspersed with elephants.[fifteen] [c] Cavalry and chariots were stationed in the wings.[xv] [16]

Encircled from all sides and trampled by their mahout-less elephants, Porus' army was easy fodder for Alexander's forces.[fifteen] A fraction of infantry escaped while virtually of the elephants were captured and the cavalry exterminated.[fifteen] Porus refused to surrender and wandered virtually atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[15] In the meanwhile, Craterus crossed along with the mercenaries and pursued the escapees to death.[xv]

Result

The battle resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were plain exaggerative.[15] Alexander held athletic and gymnastic games at the site, and even commissioned 2 cities—Nicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle-footing (in retention of his horse)—in celebration.[xv] [d] Later, tetradrachms would be minted past the Babylonian mint depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant.[15] [17]

Aftermath

In the great performance showed past the Indians at the war, especially their leader, Alexander was impressed past Porus and chose to non depose him and called for a truce.[18] [19] Not just was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom.[18] Further, Omphis was reconciled with Porus and sent dorsum to Taxila; Bosworth argues that he won't take been particularly happy with Porus having displaced him equally the main casher of Alexander's campaigns.[18]

A articulation expedition was and then mounted against a territory e of Chenab, which was ruled by an enemy-nephew of Porus; he had earlier submitted to Alexander merely suspicious of Porus' rise in ranks, chose to abscond with his regular army.[18] The date of this battle remains disputed; Alexander's forces overran his lands before meeting stiff resistance at a walled Sangala on the other side of Ravi.[18] Siege warfare was executed to brilliant consequence and the full-fledged set on began, in one case Porus had joined with his elephants.[18] As Sangala and allying cities were razed, Porus was allowed to station his garrisons.[18]

Thereafter, Alexander proceeded unopposed to Beas and even intended to cross information technology towards mainland Bharat; notwithstanding, the monsoon was in its peak and the much-weary troops remained stubborn despite a multifariousness of cajoling and threats.[18] An unwilling Alexander had to renounce his plans and turn dorsum.[xviii] Porus was thus ratified as the de facto ruler of the entire territory east of Jhelum — he was given no European satrap to co-rule with unlike Ambhi and Abisares.[eighteen] The crossing-dorsum of Jhelum was a prolonged affair; filled with festivities, it attracted thousands.[eighteen]

Death

Subsequently Alexander's expiry in 323 BCE, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and afterwards Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, Antipater became the new regent.[20] According to Diodorus, Antipater recognized Porus'southward authority over the territories forth the Indus River. However, Eudemus, who had served equally Alexander'southward satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus.[21]

In popular culture

  • Sohrab Modi portrayed equally Porus in Sikandar movie in 1941
  • Prithviraj Kapoor portrayed as Porus in motion-picture show Sikandar-east-Azam in 1965.
  • Porus is played by Arun Bali in the 1991 Chanakya.[22]
  • Porus appears in the 1999 animated series Reign: The Conqueror[ citation needed ]
  • Porus is portrayed by the Thai thespian, Bin Bunluerit, in Alexander (2004)[ citation needed ]
  • Porus appears in the 2011 Chandragupta Maurya.[23]
  • SET launched Siddharth Kumar Tewary's serial titled Porus on the Battle of Hydaspes[24] in Nov 2017, in which Porus is portrayed past Laksh Lalwani.
  • Porus appears in the Historical Battle campaign of Rome: Full War: Alexander.
  • Porus appears in the video game Ancient Battle: Alexander, in which he is a playable character, as well as an enemy.

See also

  • Indian campaign of Alexander the Dandy
  • Taxiles
  • Abisares
  • Cleophis
  • Pauravas

Notes

  1. ^ He had traveled to India, afterwards Porus had been already supplanted past Chandragupta Maurya.
  2. ^ Iswhari Prashad and others, following his lead, constitute further back up of this conclusion in the fact that a section of Shurasenas were supposed to have migrated westwards to Punjab and modern Afghanistan from Mathura and Dvārakā, after Krishna walked to heaven and had established new kingdoms there.[xiv]
  3. ^ Porus had expected the elephant units to negate charges by Alexander'south well-trained cavalry.
  4. ^ Craterus supervised the construction. These cities are notwithstanding to be identified.

References

Citations

  1. ^ See Keyne Cheshire, Alexander the Corking (Cambridge University Printing, 2009), p.139: "Alexander charges Porus, who hurls a javelin from atop his elephant"
  2. ^ Fuller, pg 198

    "While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."
  3. ^ p. xl, Historical Lexicon of Aboriginal Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. Spence
  4. ^ Arrian Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.ii
  5. ^ "Porus", Encyclopædia Britannica , retrieved 8 September 2015
  6. ^ Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1977). Curtailed History of Aboriginal Republic of india: Political history. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 136. Nix is known of Porus from Indian sources
  7. ^ a b c H. C. Raychaudhuri (1988) [1967]. "Republic of india in the Age of the Nandas". In 1000. A. Nilakanta Sastri (ed.). Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 147. ISBN978-81-208-0466-1.
  8. ^ Witzel, Michael (1997). "The development of the Vedic catechism and its schools: the social and political milieu". crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de: 263, 267, 320. doi:ten.11588/xarep.00000110. Retrieved 15 April 2021. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  9. ^ Witzel, Michael (1995). "4. Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres". In Erdosy, George (ed.). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Linguistic communication, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Indian Philology and South Asian Studies. De Gruyter. pp. 85–125. doi:10.1515/9783110816433-009. ISBN978-3-11-081643-3. S2CID 238465491.
  10. ^ Brereton, Joel P.; Jamison, Stephanie W., eds. (2014). The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. pp. 880, 902–905, 923–925, 1015–1016. ISBN9780199370184.
  11. ^ a b c Krishna: a sourcebook, pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
  12. ^ a b c d Puskás, Ildikó (1990). "Magasthenes and the "Indian Gods" Herakles and Dionysos". Mediterranean Studies. 2: 39–47. ISSN 1074-164X. JSTOR 41163978.
  13. ^ A Comprehensive History of Republic of india: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, pp 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the Academy of California
  14. ^ "Actually , the fable reports a west march of the Yadus (MBh. i.13.49, 65) from Mathura, while the route from Mathura to Dvaraka southward through a desert. This part of the Krsna legend could be brought to world by excavation at Dvaraka, but also digging at Darwaz in Afghanistan, whose name ways the same thing and which is the more than likely destination of refugees from Mathura..." Introduction to the study of Indian history, pp 125, D D Kosambi, Publisher: [Due south.l.] : Popular Prakashan, 1999
  15. ^ a b c d e f m h i j k l yard n o p q r s t u v w x y z Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "The campaign of the Hydaspes". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Printing. pp. 125–130.
  16. ^ Hamilton, J. R. (1956). "The Cavalry Battle at the Hydaspes". The Periodical of Hellenic Studies. 76: 26–31. doi:10.2307/629551. ISSN 0075-4269. JSTOR 629551.
  17. ^ Holt, Frank Lee (2003). Alexander the Great and the mystery of the elephant medallions. University of California Press.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j one thousand Bosworth, Albert Brian (1993). "From the Hydaspes to the Antarctic ocean". Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Cracking. Cambridge Academy Printing.
  19. ^ Anson, Edward Thou. (2013). Alexander the Nifty: Themes and Issues. Bloomsbury. p. 151. ISBN9781441193797.
  20. ^ Heckel, Waldemar (2006). Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. Wiley. ISBN9781405112109.
  21. ^ Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). Mauryan India. A People's History of Republic of india. Aligarh Historians Lodge / Tulika Books. p. sixteen. ISBN978-81-85229-92-8.
  22. ^ DD National (6 August 2020). Chanakya Episode 12. {{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ Old Serials Annal (19 July 2017). Chandragupta Maurya Episode 1.
  24. ^ "Siddharth Kumar Tewary'southward next on Porus for Sony Entertainment Television". Times of Bharat. Retrieved 23 July 2017.

Sources

  • Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1966), Chandragupta Maurya and his times (quaternary ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN81-208-0433-3

Further reading

  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Porus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Lendring, Jona. Alexander de Grote - De ondergang van het Perzische rijk (Alexander the Slap-up. The demise of the Persian empire), Amsterdam: Archives - Polak & Van Gennep, 2004. ISBN xc-253-3144-0
  • Holt, Frank L. Alexander the Bully and the Mystery of the Elephant Medallions, California: Academy of California Press, 2003, 217pgs. ISBN 0-520-24483-4

External links

  • Media related to Porus at Wikimedia Commons

stockerlabsed.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porus

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